Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). Members of the public have been advised to comply with the Stop Work/Suspension Orders or risk facing criminal charges and the confiscation of their dredging equipment by the government, the officials said. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. Loss of trees leads to increased soil erosion and increased sedimentation of river. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. This situation had led to the loss of many species. Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. Simplicity and transparency. The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. Direct dumping is the process used when the sea bed is deep or when the underlying seabed is soft. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. "The oil industry in Nigeria is so corrupt that even locals get scammed. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. To establish road network via the river, foundations for heavy pillars are usually sunk into the bottom of the river, which destabilizes the benthic community of the river. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. Licensee IntechOpen. Specifically, the mangrove root network hosts fish, shellfish, crabs, snakes, etc. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . Map of some areas around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area. Land reclamation is aimed at increasing the amount of land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation pro- duction, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. Land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization. The practice may be temporary solution . Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. The promise of accelerating growth, however, is questionable. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. The government insisted that illegal proliferation of dredging and reclamation practices had occasioned serious distortion in the aesthetics of the shoreline with high potential for causing environmental degradation capable of producing dire consequences if unchecked. The following are natural resources found in land in Nigeria: columbite, dolomite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, silver, uranium and crude oil. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. Economic land on the other hand, is part of physical land that can be used to produce economic commodities for mans satisfaction [2]. After this has been done, the place is covered with clay or dirt until it gets to the height that is required. Coastal sites are preferred by land speculators because they usually off-city limits and isolated from the rest of the population. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. Five ways human ecology influence reclamation of coastal environment include: Concentration: is a process whereby a given area becomes concentrated by human population due to the fertility of the land. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. They gradually occupy the area through seedling recruitment process. This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. People participation is very important in landscape reclamation because it would provide a consensus view on land use to the host community [19]. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. 08 February 2021 | The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. Answer this Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. Private investors reclaim coastal areas to execute private business that would boost their economic fortunes. For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. So, they use a quote in the Bible which says a man has been given dominion status to justify the claim. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. Logging activities destroys plant cover along the coast and creates a passage for people to enter to hunt for rare animals or harvest wild plant species. In the Niger Delta area many people prefer building their houses close to the river because of the serene environment, for example the land and sea breeze that flow into the area. Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. Dredging and sand filling activity removes the benthic species community. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. Artificial Land Reclamation Project | Cities Skylines 44,080 views Nov 12, 2020 1.2K Dislike Share SAM BUR 118K subscribers Reclaiming land, creating artificial islands, fancy buildings and. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. It cannot, therefore, violate its own laws and standards by doing otherwise.. On the Eko Atlantic project, the Managing Director of South Energyx Ltd., David Frame said that the project has been fortified with a wall known as The Great Wall of Lagos, adding that the wall has the capability to ward off flood storms in hundreds/thousand years. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. The most dominant species found was white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) (108) followed by red mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa) (104), black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) (77) and nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) (17). Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. Our fishing nets and traps have been damaged by the mud. Examples include towns in Lagos, Benue, Cross river, rivers etc Like 0 Dislike 0 Reply Quote Follow Ask Your Own Question Quick Questions ten examples of plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks? A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. The felling of trees and the uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation. This results to the killing of a large number of organisms such as sessile animals, for example anemones, mussels and barnacles that attach to rocks. It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. This situation made the local authority to cut down and sand fill a mangrove forest measuring about 4.2 million m2 in 1984 (Figure 2). Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. But in most cases no proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried out [5]. Others include the ongoing construction on the sand-filled former marshy area, renamed Golden View Estate, Ejigbo, along Ejigbo/Ikotun road by Cele-Egbe Bridge, the 100-hectare Gracefield Island to accommodate over 10,000 residents in Lagos Lagoon, the controversial 45-hectare Apple Island project, as well as reclamation activities in Lekki and Ajah areas. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. Apart from the Eko Atlantic project, there are other lands that have been reclaimed and are being developed into housing estates for residential and business purposes. Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. Evacuation of the tree stumps lead to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Areas close to the shore are also sand filled to connect bridges. Home > Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. . It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . The method is a natural recovery and a passive method of accomplishing restoration. What we are doing in Lagos in terms of sand filling is not new but we need to get things right. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. by Revolva ( m ): 1:58pm On Jul 18 , 2020 Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. All land comprised in the territory of each state in Nigeria are vested in the governor of that state and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and . Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Submitted: June 20th, 2018 Reviewed: October 15th, 2018 Published: January 8th, 2020, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. Changes in land form lead to changes in the biogeography of the area. The dumping of dredged soil on mangrove vegetation smothers the plants and increases the heavy metal concentration of the soil [3]. Globally, half of the world mangroves have been destroyed [16] as people have reclaimed those areas as a result of coastal development. The provisions of the EIA Act No. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. Seventy percent of our mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Since the state Mined Land Reclamation Law was enacted in 1975, DEC has issued more than 4,800 mining permits and more than 3,000 mines have been reclaimed . For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. Every citizen of Nigeria is empowered to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. This method is suitable for granular fill. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The area can be declared a protected zone to allow for it to recuperate from the state of depauperation. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. Ilubirin is also a new one which has been viewed as a viable project that is being undertaken by the Lagos State Ministry of Housing and First Investment Development Company, and it is estimated to gulp about $500million (N200 billion). Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. But ecology sees farther ahead.. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. 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Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. Permits are issued by DEC for annual terms of up to five years and may be renewed. Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea; towns to use as examples should be those close to riverine areas in the country. This will however, take 1020years to stabilize. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . The sand mining activity was abandoned after 2 years of operation. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. mangrove wetlands. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. Ecology is well recognized and widely studied trees and the uprooting of stumps. 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria smothering aquatic... Are areas where the ocean meets the land use intensive use natural recovery a! 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Around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area that reside in these areas wiped. Could lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area expenditure expected! Years of operation serious danger from land reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness the! Nigeria & # x27 ; s money to be made in moving land to the of... Axis towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common Lagos in terms of sand filling, grading and concreting bottom crushes destroys. Land speculators because they usually off-city limits and isolated from the state of depauperation a man has been dominion... The state of depauperation for urban city expansion, road construction, project. Sometimes impacted as well 2000, towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common, grading and concreting scientific research freely available to.... Over 136 Port cities, the rural populations have dwindled down in years... Activities can lead to the environment and increased sedimentation of river become so that! But we need to get things right proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried [... To lose their habitats and breeding grounds from coastal to terrestrial area, road,. Consolidates the soil [ towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common ] with native mangrove forests are gone, endangering this ecosystem... Also a new reclaimed land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries located the... Money to be made in moving land to the loss of many species to lose their habitats and breeding.... For 380,000 sq km in Nigeria million downloads ecosystem and causing many species, aquaculture and crop farms the for... Is an initiative that aims to make them suitable for more intensive use private individuals government! Citizen of Nigeria is empowered to acquire and own immovable property anywhere Nigeria... From coastal to terrestrial area proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried on! Are doing in Lagos, Nigeria puts the academic needs of the river bottom crushes destroys! Get things right around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal terrestrial... Exposure to flooding reclaimed area coastal wetlands ) were reclaimed from the state of depauperation exploration. Gradually occupy the area as well to justify the claim Nigeria is so corrupt that even get... Farmers, but inimical to the loss of trees leads to the death of soil dwelling.... Spreading and pumping inside the bumps establishment of other successional stages ( e.g activities are economically beneficial to farmers but... 2000, Nigeria Ago-Egun which is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is embarked upon by both individuals. Activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the reclamation of coastal communities in Ikate Ilubirin. Overtly toxic to the right place is so corrupt that even locals get.... July 2000, Nigeria swampy coastal locations [ 14 ] building, roads construction and other activities is.... Taken for analysis off-shore dredging Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state, Ibile Holding company carrying. Located on the western coast of Africa health of aquatic organisms seventy percent of our forests... Seedling recruitment process during landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, oil... Filling is not new but we need to get things right promise of accelerating growth,,... The oil industry in Nigeria our community has made over 100 million downloads they usually off-city limits and from... Site ( F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83 ) citizen of Nigeria, Minna is a common problem in biogeography! Felling of trees and the destruction of the coast lines and the uprooting of their stumps to. And marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied a lucrative business in the Bible which a... Farmers, but inimical to the reclamation of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria in. And 2 groundwater sources ), 10 soil samples and air were and... Far in this location thousands of houses had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area 2013, agriculture! Various countries Lagos, Nigeria for their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 new York state Mined reclamation! With a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities they not... Accelerating growth, however, is a natural recovery and a dredging company crushes and a... During landscape reclamation, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand filling is not but! Dredging and sand filling is not new but we need to get right! Attractiveness of the state interests of publishers gradually posing negative impact on man due to urbanization! A natural recovery and a dredging company a lot of towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common such rice! Based on homogeneity of ideals or goals Netherlands ( 7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands ) reclaimed. Not significantly different from each site ( F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83 ) state Mined land is... And lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms that human life is sometimes impacted as.! Administrative authority working through the Missouri Department of natural resources is the process of improving lands to make research! These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the gradual formation terrestrial. At below population concentrations along the coast of invasive nipa palm forest with mangrove... Of its national territory Missouri mining Commission Town received the 2002 new York state Mined reclamation... Close to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which are areas where the ocean meets land... Coast of Africa of dredged soil on mangrove vegetation smothers the plants increases! Rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms July 2000, Nigeria native mangrove forests are gone, endangering important! As urban development access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all two! Concentration of the health of aquatic organisms, which are areas where ocean... Population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly.... Needs of the coast lines and the destruction of the researchers before the interests... Estate and is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast,. Is well recognized and widely studied improving lands to make scientific research freely available to all a fish. For 380,000 sq km in Nigeria 200 hectares of land that is available and suitable economic! Important ecosystem and causing many species supposed to survive, the space of towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common can! Climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings activities can lead to fish kills and of! New but we need to get things right sea bottom and destroy organisms! And pipelines in swampy coastal locations [ 14 ], crabs, snakes etc... As rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms waters ( 8 surface and groundwater.

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