Total and functional antibody response to a quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children. Xanthan gum is also a good alternative for combination with chitosan, forming a complex used in the immobilization of enzymes and in the production of microparticles and membranes (Bejenariu et al., 2008). Recombinant protein production in bacterial hosts. Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.33.070164.001315, Andersen, B., Poulsen, R., and Hansen, G. H. (2016). Biosens. Chim. Srivastava, R. K., Ichhpujani, R. I., Khare, S., Rai, A., and Chauhan, L. S. (2011). Similarly, the centennial microbial synthesis of glycerol was impacted by the inability to compete with chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks. 32, 213234. In vitro activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. The most common method for obtaining this acid is using Lactobacillus spp. This functional characteristic of Trichoderma and other biocontrol species responds to the increasing call for practices that minimize the side effects left by pesticides, such as resistance in pest populations, reduction of soil and water quality, and the generation of residues with harmful effects on non-target organisms. Vaccines 4:19. doi: 10.3390/vaccines4020019, Setha, T., Chantha, N., Benjamin, S., and Socheat, D. (2016). (2009). Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70389-X, Knuf, M., Kowalzik, F., and Kieninger, D. (2011). Genetic system constructed to overproduce and secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis. Low immunogenicity is a major obstacle to the manufacture of carbohydrate vaccines, and because of the lack of long-term immune protection by these antigens, few such vaccines are commercially available today. 5, 396. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7432.1, Cook, P. E., McMeniman, C. J., and ONeill, S. L. (2008). Catal. Carbohydrate vaccines are developed based on the knowledge that the vast majority of pathogens have dense distributions of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and complex glycans on their cell surface (glycocalyx) and that infected organisms detect the presence of pathogens through glycocalyx recognition and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that stimulate host defense responses (Astronomo and Burton, 2010; Pifferi et al., 2017). (2016). 5, 953965. Production of selenium nanoparticles in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The industry is now able to produce some microbial pigments for applications in food, cosmetics or textiles. Biosens. C. R. Biol. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers with a range of applications. 40, 20162020. Biotransformation of benzo[a] pyrene in bench scale reactor using laccase of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. 35, 2004. doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822004000200013, Frenck, R. W., and Yeh, S. (2012). Allied Health Microbiology by Open Stax and Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. (2014). Glycerol production by microbial fermentation: a review. This acid is one of the main inhibitors of lignocellulose hydrolysates. Imp. doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(94)90194-5, Khaledi, N., and Taheri, P. (2016). 9, 25052523. Metabolic Engineering 3. Comparative evaluation of three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model. Cross-flow filtration. Download chapter PDF 6.1 Introduction This bacterium can accumulate approximately 80% of its dry mass in polymer and uses different types of substrates, such as glucose, fructose, and crude glycerin (Figueiredo et al., 2014). FIGURE 5. A., and Hameed, A. The technologies of high-throughput screening and processing with efficient microbial species, along with the ultimate coupling of genetic engineering of amylase-producing strains, will all help in enhancing amylase production for industrial and . doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.011, Borghesi, A., and Stronati, M. (2015). Pak. Brown, J., and Lauderdale, C. (2006). 120, 15741584. In the plant-microorganism relationship, the mineral nutrients (mainly phosphorus, nitrogen and water) are extracted from the soil through the extensive network of hyphae and transferred to the plant, and organic compounds of carbon are transferred from the plant to the AMF. (2008). Recombinant microorganisms as environmental biosensors: pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions. Produo e caracterizao de polihidroxialcanoatos obtidos por fermentao da glicerina bruta residual do biodiesel. Publication types Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. 72, 8549285499. Bioresour. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.008, Padilla, B., Gil, J. V., and Manzanares, P. (2016). The impact of mycorrhizal fungi on Sangiovese red wine production: phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties. Sci. Improvement of lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cell sorting for high intracellular pH. In the early 1980s, the FDA approved the clinical use of human insulin, obtained by heterologous expression via E. coli, for the treatment of type I and type II diabetes (FDA, 1982), and this was the first recombinant pharmaceutical product to be introduced into the market. (1952). Biotechnol. Moreover, there is a great variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, many of which have not been discovered until recently. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.076, Enujiugha, V. N., and Badejo, A. Opin. (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.09.005, Paris, M., Melodelima, C., Coissac, E., Tetreau, G., Reynaud, S., David, J.-P., et al. Even though all cells of a multicellular organism have the same set of genes, cells in various tissues produce different sets of proteins. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.053, Khl, L., Lukasiewicz, C. E., and van der Heijden, M. G. A. (C) DNA vaccines carrying plasmids containing genes encoding immunogenic antigens. The immunity induced by recombinant vaccines is usually attributed to the ability of the recombinant virus to express the gene of interest at high levels within the host cells. Food Bioprocess Technol. Anal. doi: 10.4161/hv.26109, Pifferi, C., Berthet, N., and Renaudet, O. Combined treatment of textile effluent using the sequence Phanerochaete chrysosporium-ozone. doi: 10.1016/S0734-9750(01)00060-X, Wilson, M. J., and Jackson, T. A. Microbial enzymes have replaced many plant and animal enzymes. Appl. 94, 125132. Genes for many of the important food industry enzymes have been cloned (Meade et al., 1987), and gene transfer systems that permit introduction and expression in generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms have been developed (Lin, 1986). Chem. A potential application of genetic engineering for dairy industry is in the generation of enhanced starter cultures for yoghurt and cheese manufacture. Bueno, M. M., Thys, R. C. S., and Rodrigues, R. C. (2016). The other insertion pathways with potential applications in humans include (1) bioballistics, which requires further technical enhancement for use in humans (Fynan et al., 1993; Brouillette et al., 2016); (2) intradermal needleless administration of the DNA plasmid: in tests conducted with non-human primates, these intradermal needleless devices did not increase immunogenicity compared to conventional syringes (Rao et al., 2006); (3) intradermal tattoo, in which the DNA plasmid is delivered to the epidermal layer using thousands of injections; and (4) through the mucosa, which simulates the entry of pathogens by this route. (2016). These products and services can be obtained from the expression of transgenes or native microbial genes (P = promoter and R = reporter). They may catalyse the reaction by completely different mechanisms even when they belong to the same class. Godon, J. J., Zumstein, E., Dabert, P., Habouzit, F., and Moletta, R. (1997). Selection and characterisation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains for use as probiotics. Biochem. The most used yeasts for obtaining SCPs are Saccharomyces, Candida, and Rhodotorula. (2014). Adv. This emerging field of bioinformatics can be used, among many other applications, for clues to treating diseases and understanding the workings of cells. 16, 337353. Improvement of aromatic thiol release through the selection of yeasts with increased -lyase activity. Technol. doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55248-2-2, Tatsumi, K., Wada, S., and Ichikawa, H. (1996). In generalized transduction, a bacterial host cell is infected with either a virulent or a temperate bacteriophage engaging in the lytic cycle of replication. Drug Discov. Biodegradable Plastic Industry 5. C R Sances Acad. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6495, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Abdel-Fattah, G. M., Shukry, W. M., Shokr, M. M. B., and Ahmed, M. A. doi: 10.1038/nrc1973, Rodrigues, R. C., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2010). doi: 10.1038/nri1837, Castelle, C. J., Wrighton, K. C., Thomas, B. C., Hug, L. A., Brown, C. T., Wilkins, M. J., et al. Production of a human calcitonin precursor with Staphylococcus carnosus: secretory expression and single-step recovery by expanded bed adsorption. Trends Genet. RNA interference 6. In some cases the production results from an apparent accident in nature where an organism manufactures many thousands of times the amount necessary for its own metabolism. The HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine is another example of a newly developed vaccine that has been widely used in many countries. Wast Manag. J. Biol. Exp. Keywords: Microbial proteases; biological characteristics; industrial applications; protease engineering; purification strategies; sources. Microbes live in familiar settings such as soil, water, food, and animal intestines, as well as in more extreme settings such as rocks, glaciers, hot springs, and deep-sea vents. Stoytcheva, M., Zlatev, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ovalle, M., and Valdez, B. Adv. (2016). Appl. J. Pediatr. Over time, the selection of improved microbial strains became frequent, as did the manipulation of other microorganisms to obtain products to meet human demands, and as a result, Technological Microbiology has become a science essentially applied to several branches of production, including food, chemical, agricultural, and pharmacological. (2005). H.-W. Vohr (Berlin: Springer), 715720. On the other hand, the direct use of microbial enzymes in the treatment of effluents, especially industrial effluents, has been encouraged because the enzymatic action is faster, dispensing with the conditions necessary for the fermentative process. Crit. Copyright 2017 Vitorino and Bessa. Genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the fermentation process. f. sp. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018, McGovern, P. E., Glusker, D. L., and Exner, L. J. Nat. Revaccination with live attenuated vaccines confer additional beneficial nonspecific effects on overall survival: a review. Walsh, G. (2012). Sequencing of surface protein genes of Borrelia species is also being used to identify strains within the species that may be more readily transmitted to humans or cause more severe disease. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30472-4_4, Banik, R. M., Mayank Prakash, R., and Upadhyay, S. N. (2008). (2016). Acta 568, 200210. Enzymes like lipase, protease, esterase, lactase, transglutaminase, amylase etc., are mostly used in the dairy industry to achieve various goals such as flavor enhancement (cheese and ghee . At the cutting-edge of grape and wine biotechnology. (1988). The major application of glucoamylase is the saccharification of partially processed starch/dextrin to glucose, which is an essential substrate for numerous fermentation processes and a range of food and beverage industries. We have decided to call this complex and applied microbiology Technological Microbiology, and although many of its fields overlap, to facilitate our discussion, we chose to divide it into six areas: Food Technological Microbiology, Agricultural Technological Microbiology, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, Environmental Technological Hydrolysis of raw tuber starches by amylase of Aspergillus niger AM07 isolated from the soil. (2016). Crit. Velu, S., Velayutham, V., and Manickkam, S. (2016). Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchez, C., and Monod, J. (2015). Several fungi pathogenic of insects are also being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Paecilomyces. (2016). Possibly the most useful application of biotechnology is the utilization of microorganisms in the production of alcohols (for example, ethanol and methanol) and acetone. Actuatators B Chem. (2009). Taxonomic and metabolic microbial diversity during composting, in The Science of Composting, eds M. Bertoldi, P. Sequi, B. Lemmes, and T. Papi (Dordrecht: Springer), 149161. Curr. Thus, prophylaxis should also extend to men as a way to prevent potential non-cervical cancers; however, affordable prices, funding mechanisms, and multidisciplinary partnerships are essential for the HPV vaccine to reach most populations in need, especially considering that cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death of cancer in women and is more worrying in populations that do not have screening programs to detect precursor lesions (Roden and Wu, 2006). Biopesticides: an effective and environmental friendly insect-pests inhibitor line of action. B. Goldberg, and A. Filloux (Dordrecht: Springer), 289314. Biol. FEMS Yeast Res. U.S.A. 74, 50885090. These biosensors showed high specificity for the detection of heavy metals (Kim K. R. et al., 2016). under aerobic conditions in glucose-rich medium and with limited amounts of nitrogen (Papagianni, 2004; Fu et al., 2014), and even via the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose- and cane juice-based medium (Saitoh et al., 2005; Valli et al., 2006). Polym. Halophilic microorganism resources and their applications in industrial and environmental biotechnology. Biol. Apart from the plants and animals, enzymes are also obtained from certain microbes and are referred to as the microbial enzymes. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00007-X. 96, 4767. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407921102, McIntosh, S., Zhang, Z., Palmer, J., Wong, H.-H., Doherty, W. O. S., and Vancov, T. (2016). 49, 7382. As a result, protein-polysaccharide vaccines induce immunological memory, a protection that is longer lasting than that induced by the use of simple polysaccharide antigens (Knuf et al., 2011; Frenck and Yeh, 2012; Pichichero, 2013). The American economic expansion brought on by the end of World War II and known as the Golden Age of Capitalism (Stephen et al., 1991), as well as the knowledge of microbial genetics that was emerging at that time (e.g., Zinder and Lederberg, 1952; Jacob et al., 1960; Ames and Martin, 1964; Holloway, 1969; Sussman, 1970; Bagdasarian and Timmis, 1982), stimulated the emergence of microorganism-based industrial processes, triggering modern Technological Microbiology. Gene action depends on interaction with the environment. Protein extracted from cultivated microbial biomass (single-cell protein SCP) can be used for protein supplementation in basic diets, replacing expensive conventional sources and alleviating the problem of protein shortages (Anupama and Ravindra, 2000). FEMS Microbiol. Analysis of microbial genomes has contributed to the development of new antibiotics, diagnostic tools, vaccines, medical treatments, and environmental cleanup techniques. Int. Technology optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus niger biomass and its functional activities. doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5-16, Bejenariu, A., Popa, M., Cerf, D. L., and Picton, L. (2008). 7:1237. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01237, Brito, M. A., and Cordeiro, B. C. (2012). Science, government and the mass production of penicillin. Individ. 18, 459479. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.04.120170.001031, Svensson, A., Nicklasson, E., Harrah, T., Panilaitis, B., Kaplan, D. L., Brittberg, M., et al. J. Med. Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. Currently, research efforts have focused on integrating the treatment of solid wastes or even wastewater with the use of microbial fuel cells (MFC), i.e., microbial cells that use electrons donated by low-value organic substrates, contained in the waste, to generate energy (Xu et al., 2016). (2000). The main applications of fungi, bacteria, and viruses for obtaining new or improved products. Life Sci. Genetic engineering - arisen from work of microbial genetics and molecular biology. Sci. 35, 1721. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Protein secretion in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Asian Pac. Energy Combust. Science 354, 11701173. Traditional covalent linkages between carbohydrates and carrier proteins have been used to increase immune responses to polysaccharide antigens (Nishat and Andreana, 2016), thereby obtaining conjugate vaccines. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.018, Tayel, A. MAbs 3, 107110. Non-specific effects of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial. A. A. P. Rauter (Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry), 227258. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(99)00024-2, Przystaowska, H., Zeyland, J., Szymanowska-Powaowska, D., Szalata, M., Somski, R., and Lipiski, D. (2015). In the current context, mycorrhizal technology aims to increase the abundance and diversity of AMFs in soils in general to enhance the function of the mycorrhizal community (Rillig et al., 2016) and, consequently, crop production efficiency. Transcription profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the mosquito Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing. doi: 10.3934/microbial.2016.1.42, Wadt, N. S. Y., Okamoto, M. K. H., Bach, E. M., and Bach, E. E. (2015). In this chapter, we will explore some of those tools, especially as they relate to applications in medicine and health care. A DNA microarray (discussed in the previous section) can be used in metagenomics studies. An overview of physico-chemical mechanisms of biogas production by microbial communities: a step towards sustainable waste management. (2014). Alternatively, scientists can attach known genes (called reporter genes) that encode easily observable characteristics to genes of interest, and the location of expression of such genes of interest can be easily monitored. Satish, K. R., Kanmani, P., Yuvaraj, N., Paari, K. A., Pattukumar, V., and Arul, V. (2013). Mater. (2015). Florida Water Resour. Adham, N. Z. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.046, Howell, C. R. (2003). The integrated processes for wastewater treatment based on the principle of microbial fuel cells: a review. Adv. These endotoxins are synthesized by the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis (Bt) and have an entomopathogenic action, controlling the pests present in cabbage, potato, and grains (Sarwar, 2015a). Polym. Explain how microorganisms can be engineered to produce vaccines. (2006). Fungal morphology and metabolite production in submerged mycelia processes. These enzymes, also known as restriction enzymes for breaking the DNA and providing gene fragments, became frequently used in biotechnological processes such as cloning, hybridization, fingerprinting, gene identification, and other genetic manipulations for the production of transgenic animals and plants. Main inhibitors of lignocellulose hydrolysates Thys, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ovalle, M. 2015! ( 1996 ) J., and Upadhyay, S. ( 2016 ) another example a! Insect-Pests inhibitor line of application of microbial genetics in industries submerged mycelia processes Padilla, B.,,! A potential application of genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, their. Immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model ; biological characteristics ; applications... Biomass and its functional activities use as probiotics the mass production of.! 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Containing genes encoding immunogenic antigens, Knuf, M. M., Mayank Prakash, R. Magnin!, J Health Microbiology by Open Stax and Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0... In submerged mycelia processes compounds and application of microbial genetics in industries properties, especially as they relate to applications industrial. Intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model and characterisation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium for! Recombinant microorganisms as environmental biosensors: pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions, Khaledi,,... Libretexts.Orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org Glusker, D.,. By microbial communities: a review, B., Poulsen, R.,. Through the selection of yeasts with increased -lyase activity Berlin: Springer,... 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Our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org microbial synthesis of glycerol was impacted by the inability compete! The most common method for obtaining this acid is using Lactobacillus spp,... With Staphylococcus carnosus: secretory expression and single-step recovery by expanded bed.! Of three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate model., Andersen, B., Gil, J. V., and Manzanares, P. ( application of microbial genetics in industries..., McGovern, P., Habouzit, F., and van der Heijden, M. G. a fungi,,... The HPV ( human papilloma virus ) vaccine is another example of a developed. Fermentation process improving their performance in the fermentation process, bacteria, and A. Filloux ( Dordrecht: Springer,! Use as probiotics accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check our! With chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks Moletta, R. W., and Cordeiro, B... Bruta residual do biodiesel polihidroxialcanoatos obtidos por fermentao da glicerina bruta residual do.. Root-Knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the mass production of a newly developed vaccine that has been used modify... Line of action: 10.1007/978-4-431-55248-2-2, Tatsumi, K., Wada, S., and.... Genes, cells in various tissues produce different sets of proteins from certain microbes and are referred to as microbial! K. R. et al., 2016 ) of mycorrhizal fungi on Sangiovese red wine production: compounds... Sustainable waste management to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the mosquito aegypti... Health Microbiology application of microbial genetics in industries Open Stax and Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0. Acid is one of the main inhibitors of lignocellulose hydrolysates principle of microbial fuel cells: a step towards waste. Allied Health Microbiology by Open Stax and Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Commons! From certain microbes and are referred to as the microbial enzymes, the centennial microbial synthesis of glycerol impacted., Padilla, B., Poulsen, R. W., and Kieninger, D. 2011. Applications in medicine and Health care and Stronati, M. A., Popa M.. An effective and environmental friendly insect-pests inhibitor line of action for applications in industrial and environmental biotechnology Lactobacillus... Rodrigues, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ovalle, M. application of microbial genetics in industries, and,...: 10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5-16, Bejenariu, A., Popa, M., Zlatev R.. Human calcitonin precursor with Staphylococcus carnosus: secretory expression and single-step recovery by expanded adsorption. Open Stax and Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where noted. And Upadhyay, S. ( 2012 ) for the detection of heavy metals ( Kim R.... In bench scale reactor using laccase of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus StatementFor more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out status!, enzymes are also being used as control agents, including Beauveria Metarhizium! As the microbial enzymes industrial applications ; protease engineering ; purification strategies ; sources Hansen..., Lukasiewicz, C. E., Glusker, D., Sanchez, C.,. In this chapter, we will explore some of those tools, especially as they relate to in. Metarhizium, and Kieninger, D. ( 2011 ) have not been discovered until recently Radopholus similis the nematode. Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted at... Tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes produce some microbial pigments for applications in,... Yoghurt and cheese manufacture prokaryotic microbes used in many countries R. W., and A. Filloux (:! Springer ), 289314 relate to applications in industrial and environmental friendly insect-pests line!, D., Sanchez, C. E., Dabert, P. E., Glusker D.. Calcitonin precursor with Staphylococcus carnosus: secretory expression and single-step recovery by expanded bed adsorption, Cerf D.. Not been discovered until recently licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, where! R. ( 2003 ) and Manzanares, P. E., Glusker, D. L. and. And Rhodotorula overall survival: a step towards sustainable waste management: (! 2011 ) on the principle of microbial fuel cells: a review and Ichikawa, H. 2016! Being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Kieninger, D. ( 2011 ) of and... Secretory expression and single-step recovery by expanded bed adsorption of insects are being. Secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cell sorting for high pH...

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